NVLD is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by intact or strong verbal abilities alongside marked deficits in visual-spatial processing. A consensus work group has proposed reconceptualizing it as developmental visual-spatial disorder (DVSD) for potential inclusion in the DSM, defining it as persistent deficits in processing or integrating visual and spatial information across at least four of eight behavioral subcriteria. Three-dimensional mental rotation is a core area of difficulty. Affected individuals struggle with geometry requiring abstract spatial reasoning (mentally rotating shapes, estimating areas), reading maps and diagrams, and building or assembling objects. DVSD is estimated to affect 3-4% of young people in North America, a rate comparable to autism spectrum disorder. Unlike spatial aphantasia, DVSD is a developmental condition with broader functional impact across academic, social, and motor domains. It is not limited to imagery per se but encompasses the processing and integration of spatial information generally. Sources: [DVSD criteria for DSM consideration](https://www.jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(25)00014-0/fulltext), [Child Mind Institute on DVSD](https://childmind.org/article/nvld-developmental-visual-spatial-disorder-dsvd/), [Cleveland Clinic on NVLD](https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/nonverbal-learning-disability)